Historical
1769-1770: New Zealand, Australia - James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia
1769-1773: India - The Bengal famine of 1770 killed one third of the Bengal population
1769: United States - James Watt invents the steam engine, this begins the Industrial Revolution
1769: United States - Spanish missionaries established the first of twenty one missions in California
1770-1771: Czech Republic - Famine in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands
1770: Australia, England - James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain
1770: United States - Boston Massacre occurs when British troops fire into a crowd of snowball throwers, killing five. John Adams later defends in court the British troops involved, this actually boosts John Adams' reputation because it demonstrates to the British that the Americans are fair
1771: England - Richard Arkwright and his partners build the first water-powered mill at Cromford
1771: Russia - The Plague Riot in Moscow
1772-1779: England, India - Maratha Empire fights Britain and the forces of Raghunathrao during the First Anglo-Maratha War
1772-1795: Poland - The Partitions of Poland ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erased Poland from the map for 123 years
1772: Denmark - Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark
1772: Poland - Partitions of Poland marks the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1772: Sweden - Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d etat, becoming almost an absolute monarch
1773-1775: Russia - Pugachev Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in the history of Russia
1773: India, China - East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle Opium into China
1775-1783: United States, England - American Revolutionary War
1775: United States - Daniel Boone begins to clear the Wilderness Road to Kentucky
1775: globe - John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 Marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his Second voyage (1772-1775)
1776: Germany - Order of Illuminati founded by German philosopher Adam Weishaupt
1776: United States - United States Declaration of Independence is written by Thomas Jefferson and others then is adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia
1778: United States - James Cook becomes first European on the Hawaiian Islands
1778: Vietnam - Tây So-n Dynasty established in Vietnam
1779-1879: England, South Africa - Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South African Republic
1780: Peru - Outbreak of Indigenous rebellion led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru
1781-1785: Austria - Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step, second step in 1848)
1781: United States, Spain - Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles
1783: Iceland - Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano
1783: Ukraine, Russia - Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate
1783: United States, England - The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American War of Independence
1785-1791: Russia - Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian Invaders
1785-1795: United States - Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans
1787-1792: Russia, Turkey - Russo-Turkish War (seventh of ten), Russian victory
1787: Japan - Kansei Reforms Instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu
1787: Sierra Leone - Freed slaves from London founded Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone
1787: United States - United States Constitution was written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification, the Bill of Rights ratified four years later
1788-1789: Brazil - Inconfidencia Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil
1788: Astralia - First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney, Australia is the only Western country with no Bill of Rights
1788: France - First French Quaker community established in Congenies
1788: United States - New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution as the ninth state, and by the terms of Article VII, the constitution goes into effect
1789-1799: France - The French Revolution
1789: Canada, England, Spain - Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis
1789: Unites States - George Washington unanimously elected President of the United States, he serves two four-year terms
1790: Belgiu, - United States of Belgium proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution
1790: Poland, germany - Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact
1791-1795: globe - George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition
1791-1804: Haiti - The Haitian Revolution
1791: Canada - The Constitutional Act (Or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America
1792-1815: France - The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars
1792: Sweden - King Gustav III of Sweden was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen
1792: United States - New York Stock & Exchange Board founded
1793-1796: France - Revolt in the Vendee against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution
1793: Canada - Upper Canada bans slavery
1793: United States - The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as five thosand people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population
1794: Iran - Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty
1794: Poland - Polish revolt
1794: United States, England - The Jay Treaty concluded between Great Britain and the United States which returns to the U.S. the Western outposts in the Great Lakes, and, commerce between the two countries is regulated
1795: France - The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem
1795: Georgia - Mohammad Khan Qajar razes Tbilisi to the ground
1795: United States, Spain - The Pinckney Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.
1795: United States - Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu uanu
1796-1804: China - The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China
1796: Africa (western) - Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa
1796: Ceylon, England, Naterlands - British ejected Dutch from Ceylon
1796: England - Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination, smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs)
1796: France - Battle of Montenotte, engagement in the War of the First Coalition, first victory of Napoleon Bonaparte as an army commander
1797: France - Napoleon Invades and partitions the Republic of Venice ending over a thousand years of Independence for the Serene Republic
1797: United States - John Adams is elected to succeed George Washington as President of the United States, he serves one four-year term and his son, John Quincy Adams, will serve one term as President 24 years later
1798-1800: United States, France - Quasi-War between the United States and France
1798: Ireland - The Irish Rebellion failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland
1799: France - Napoleon staged a coup d etat and became dictator of France
1799: India - Dutch East India Company is dissolved
1799: Tonga - The assassination of the 14th Tu I Kanokupolu, Tuku aho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war
1800: England - The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter and became the Royal College of Surgeons of England
1800: United States - The Inception of the Second Great Awakening for the United States
1801-1815: United States, Africa north coastal countries - Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa
1801: England, Ireland - The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom
1801: Pakistan - Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab (made up of parts of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan)
1801: United States - Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the United States House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College
1803: Saudi Arabia - The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
1803: United States, France - The United States buys out territorial claims of France in North America via the Louisiana Purchase, this begins the U.S. westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as Its Manifest Destiny which Involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans
1804-1810: Nigeria - Fulani Jihad in Nigeria
1804-1815: Serbia, Turkey - Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule, Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817
1804: Auastria - Austrian Empire founded by Francis I
1804: France - Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France
1804: Haiti, France - Haiti gains Independence from France and becomes the first black republic
1805-1848: Egypt - Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt
1805: England, France, Spain - The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century
1806-1812: Russia, Turkey - Russo-Turkish War (eighth of ten), Russian victory
1806: Europe - Treaty of Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia), Holy Roman Empire is dissolved as Francis II renounces his title as Holy Roman Emperor and becomes Emperor Francis I of Austria
1807: England - Britain declares the Slave Trade Illegal
1808-1809: Russia, Finland, Sweden - Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War
1808-1814: Spain - Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War
1809: France - Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim
1810: Germany - The University of Berlin is founded, among Its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck, the German university reform proves to be so successful that Its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities)
1810: Mexico - The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence
1810s-20s: Latin America, Spain, Portugal - Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of Independence
1812-1815: United States, England - War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom
1812: France, Russia - The French Invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars
1813-1907: England, Russia, Asia - The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game
1814-16: England, Nepal - Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal (Gurkha Empire) and British Empire
1815: Austria - The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map, the Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but It fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent
1815: Europe - combined armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington defeat Napoleon at Waterloo (Belgium), bringing a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870
1816-1828: South Africa - Zulu kingdom of Shaka on the southeast coast of Africa becomes the largest kingdom in southern Africa
1816: northern hemisphere - Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Indonesia, It is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history and the most deadly as over 70,000 people died, the volcano ash caused what is called "volcanic winter" and 1816 became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather where agricultural crops failed and livestock died resulting in the worst famine of th
1817: Serbia, Turkey - Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire, officially Independent in 1867
1819: France - Theodore Gericault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits It in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre
1819: Singapore, England - The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company
1820: Liberia - Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves
1820: United States - Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
1821-1830: Greece, Turkey - Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence
1821: Mexico, Spain - Mexico gains Independence from Spain with the Treaty of Cordoba
1821: Peru, Spain - Peru declares Its Independence from Spain
1822-1823: Mexico - First Mexican Empire, as the first post-independent Mexican government, ruled by Emperor Agustin I of Mexico
1822: Brazil, Portugal - Prince Pedro of Portugal proclaimed the Brazilian Independence on September 7, on December 1, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil
1823-1887: England, Burma - The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars
1825-1828: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay - The Argentina-Brazil War results in the Independence of Uruguay
1825: United States - Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
1826-1828: Russia, Iran - After the final Russo-Persian War, the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war
1827: England - Death of William Blake, an English poet, painter, and printmaker who Influenced literature
1828-1829: Russia, Turkey - Russo-Turkish War (ninth of ten), Russian victory
1830: Belgium, Netherlands - The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium
1830: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador - Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took Its place
1830: France - July Revolution in France
1830: Poland, Russia - November Uprising in Poland against Russia
1830: United States - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on April 6, 1830
1831-33: Egypt - Egyptian-Ottoman War
1831: France, Algeria - France Invades and occupies Algeria
1833-1876: Spain - Carlist Wars in Spain
1833: England - Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire
1834-1859: Russia - Rebellion led by Imam Shamil in Russian-occupied Caucasus
1834: Germany - The German Customs Union is formed
1834: Spain - Spanish Inquisition officially ends
1835-1836: United States, Mexico - The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas
1836: United States, Mexico - The Battle of the Alamo
1837-1838: Canada - Rebellions of 1837 in Canada
1837-1901: England - Reign of Queen Victoria is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era
1838-1840: Central America - Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
1839-1851: Uruguay - Uruguayan Civil War
1839-1860: France, England, United States, Russia, China - After two Opium Wars, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty
1840: New Zealand, England - New Zealand is founded, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Ma-ori and British
1844: Haiti - Dominican War of Independence from Haiti
1844: Iran - Persian Prophet the Bab announces his revelation on May 23, founding Babism, he announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest", he is considered the forerunner of Baha u llah, the founder of the Baha I Faith
1844: United States - First publicly funded telegraph line in the world, It is between Baltimore and Washington and sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph, this message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23)
1844: United States - Millerite (followers of the teachings of William Miller) movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22, the non-appearance of Christ becomes known as the Great Disappointment
1845-1846: Pakistan - First Anglo-Sikh War in Punjab (Pakistan) between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company
1845-1849: Ireland - The Irish Potato Famine led to the Irish diaspora
1845-1872: New Zealand - The New Zealand Land Wars
1845: Tonga - Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga under Ta-ufa?a-hau (King George Tupou I)
1846-1847: United States - Mormon migration to Utah
1846-1848: United States, Mexico - The Mexican-American War leads to cession by Mexico of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States
1847-1901: Mexico - The Caste War of Yucatan
1848-1849: Pakistan - Second Anglo-Sikh War in Punjab (Pakistan) between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company, this war basically ends the Sikh Empire
1848-1858: United States - California Gold Rush
1848: Europe - Revolutions of 1848 in Europe as some type of revolution occurred in most all European countries (except England and the Netherlands), the revolutions were quickly put down as they were mostly unorganized peasants
1848: Russia - The Communist Manifesto published
1848: United States - Seneca Falls Convention is the first rights for women convention in the United States and leads to the battle for suffrage and legal rights for women
1850: Europe - The Little Ice Age ends around this time