Historical
1803: Saudi Arabia - The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
1803: United States, France - The United States buys out territorial claims of France in North America via the Louisiana Purchase, this begins the U.S. westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as Its Manifest Destiny which Involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans
1804-1810: Nigeria - Fulani Jihad in Nigeria
1804-1815: Serbia, Turkey - Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule, Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817
1804: Auastria - Austrian Empire founded by Francis I
1804: France - Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France
1804: Haiti, France - Haiti gains Independence from France and becomes the first black republic
1805-1848: Egypt - Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt
1805: England, France, Spain - The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century
1806-1812: Russia, Turkey - Russo-Turkish War (eighth of ten), Russian victory
1806: Europe - Treaty of Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia), Holy Roman Empire is dissolved as Francis II renounces his title as Holy Roman Emperor and becomes Emperor Francis I of Austria
1807: England - Britain declares the Slave Trade Illegal
1808-1809: Russia, Finland, Sweden - Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War
1808-1814: Spain - Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War
1809: France - Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim
1810: Germany - The University of Berlin is founded, among Its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck, the German university reform proves to be so successful that Its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities)
1810: Mexico - The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence
1810s-20s: Latin America, Spain, Portugal - Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of Independence
1812-1815: United States, England - War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom
1812: France, Russia - The French Invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars
1813-1907: England, Russia, Asia - The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game
1814-16: England, Nepal - Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal (Gurkha Empire) and British Empire
1815: Austria - The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map, the Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but It fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent
1815: Europe - combined armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington defeat Napoleon at Waterloo (Belgium), bringing a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870
1816-1828: South Africa - Zulu kingdom of Shaka on the southeast coast of Africa becomes the largest kingdom in southern Africa
1816: northern hemisphere - Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Indonesia, It is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history and the most deadly as over 70,000 people died, the volcano ash caused what is called "volcanic winter" and 1816 became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather where agricultural crops failed and livestock died resulting in the worst famine of th
1817: Serbia, Turkey - Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire, officially Independent in 1867
1819: France - Theodore Gericault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits It in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre
1819: Singapore, England - The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company
1820: Liberia - Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves
1820: United States - Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
1821-1830: Greece, Turkey - Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence
1821: Mexico, Spain - Mexico gains Independence from Spain with the Treaty of Cordoba
1821: Peru, Spain - Peru declares Its Independence from Spain
1822-1823: Mexico - First Mexican Empire, as the first post-independent Mexican government, ruled by Emperor Agustin I of Mexico
1822: Brazil, Portugal - Prince Pedro of Portugal proclaimed the Brazilian Independence on September 7, on December 1, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil
1823-1887: England, Burma - The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars