Historical
1185: Japan - Battle of Dannoura, Minamoto clan of Yoritomo defeat the Japanese Tairo/Taira clan in a naval battle off Dannoura, the child emperor Antoku is killed in the battle, Yoritomo becomes the first shogun of Japan
1186: Turkey, Bulgaria - Revolutionaries oust the Byzantine rule of Bulgaria which leads to the Second Bulgarian Empire which lasts over 200 years
1187-1192: Cyprus, Israel - Beginning of the Third Crusade (of nine), led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
1187: Israel - Battle Of Hittin, Saladin defeats the Christian forces from the Kingdom of Jerusalem who had attacked a caravan carrying his sister
1187: Israel - Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, defeats Third Crusader (of nine) Guy de Lusignan and his army at the Horns of Hattin, near the Sea of Gallilee, and captures Jerusalem from the Crusaders, within months, Saladin captures all Crusader territory except the seaport of Tyre
1190: Italy - King Philip and King Richard I set sail from Sicily to attack the Middle East, the fleet with Richard is scattered by fierce winds and is forced to seek shelter on Crete and Rhodes, three of his ships sink near the coast of Cyprus, Richard lands his crews and attacks the locals with archers and armored knights, the following day, Cypriot nobles sought audience and pledged allegience to the King of England, Richard thereafer used Cyprus as a supply bridge on the way to Jerusalem
1192: India - Afghan ruler Muhammad of Ghor defeats Prithvi Raj and captures Delhi, founding the Delhi Sultanate, first Moslem empire in India, which lasts until 1398
1192: Israel - Richard the Lionhearted leads the Third Crusade that captures the Acre fortress in the Holy Land and negotiates a truce with Saladin to ensure Christian access to holy sites in Jerusalem
1192: Israel - Saladin and the Crusaders enter into the Peace of Ramla, leaving the Crusaders with a strip of coastal territory
1194: Austria - King Richard I the Lionhearted, returning from Third Crusade, is captured by Austrian Emperor Henry VI, and is freed in 1194 only after payment of a huge ransom
1194: China - Yellow River in China drastically changes Its course from north to south of the Shantung Peninsula
1198: Italy - Innocent III elected as Roman Catholic Pope, Innocent promotes a Fourth Crusade, which is diverted by Venetian merchants and displaced Byzantine princes into an attack against the Byzantine emperor
1199: France - Richard The Lionhearted dies of an arrow wound while besieging Chalus in western France
1200: France - Phillip II, King of France, Issues a charter establishing the University of Paris which offers a traditional liberal education
1202-1204: Italy, Sicily - Henry, King of Sicily, requests a Fourth Crusade (of nine), Pope Innocent III Issues a call which is primarily answered by the French baronage who travel to Egypt by sea aided by the Venetians who request the Crusaders to capture the Christian city of Zara which Pope Innocent opposes so he excommunicates the Crusaders
1202: Denmark - Valdemar II assumes the Danish throne at the death of his brother, Valdemar expands the Danish Empire to Include northern Germany
1203: France - Philip Augustus expels English from Normandy and conquers the province
1204: Turkey - After a six month seige, Constantinople falls to Crusaders, who massacre the Inhabitants, in France, Chateau Gaillard (originally built by King Richard the Lionhearted) on the Seine River falls to besiegers who climb up the latrine shaft
1206: Mongolia - Temujin holds khuriltai and is proclaimed Genghis Khan, leader of all Mongols, and establishes the Mongolian capital at Karakorum, the empire Includes much of northern China (where he later founds the Yuan Dynasty) and Korea, he then turns his attentions to Persia