Historical
1255: Mongolia, Iraq - Hulagu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) captures Bagdhad
1256: Mongolia, Iran - Generals of Hulagu Khan, after three year siege, destroy the castles of the Assassins and massacre the Persian Assassins
1256: Mongolia - Kublai Khan attains throne of Mongolian Empire
1258: England - English barons led by Simon de Montfor demand reforms to curtail the arbitrary powers of the king, they became known as the Provisions Of Oxford
1260: Egypt, Israel - Battle Of Ain Jalut, the Muslin Mamelukes (led by the ex-slave Baybars) and Julegu Khan stop the Mongols in Palestine, the Mongol general Ket Buqa is killed
1261: Turkey - Byzantines recapture Constantinople from Crusaders
1262: Norway, Iceland, Greenland - King Haakon IV of Norway annexes Iceland and Greenland to end a civil war in Iceland
1263: Scotland, Norway - Norsemen ejected from Scotland
1265: England - Edward I (Longshanks) defeats Barons at Evesham in the Barons War (1264-67)
1266: Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria - Venetians Niccolo Polo and brother Maffeo Polo make trade expedition to Constantinople, and then east to Bolgara and then Sarai, in the Kingdom of Barka Khan, after a year, their return blocked by war between Barka Khan and Hulagu Khan, the Polo brothers journey east to the capital Kaifeng and see Kublai Khan, three years later they returned to Venice
1267: China - Kublai Khan begins construction of new capital at Peking
1270-1270: Tunisia - French king Louis IX dies in Tunisia while on the Eighth Crusade (of nine), during his reign he Increased both the authority of the king and the judicial system
1271-1272: Egypt - Ninth Crusade (of nine), future Edward I of England undertook another expedition against Baibars/Baybars in 1271, after having accompanied Louis on the Eighth Crusade, the Ninth Crusade is a failure and ends the Crusades in the Middle East
1271: China - Kublai Khan formally creates the Yuan dynasty of China
1271: Italy, China - Marco Polo leaves for China with his father Niccolo, they arrive in the court of the Great Khan
1273: Italy - The last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire dies and the Hapsburg Dynasty is established with the new Emperor Rudolf I of the Hapsburgs who five years later gain control over Austria, the Hapsburgs last until 1918
1274: Mongolia, Japan - Mongols unsuccessfully attempt to Invade Japan
1275: China - The Polos arrive at Cambuluc (Peking)
1279: Mongolia, China - Mongols under Kublai Khan defeat Sung dynasty of China
1280: China - Kublia Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, founds the Yuan dynasty in China and makes Peking his capital, he is the first non-Chinese to rule China, his empire stretches from China to Arabia to eastern Europe and is the largest the world has ever known
1281: Japan, China - The waiting Japanese troops repel a Chinese at Hakozaki Bay then a typhoon (Kamikaze or "Divine Wind") destroys the Mongol fleet of Kublia Khan
1282: Danish - nobility forced Eric V to sign a Danish "Magna Carta" which establishes a Danish parliament
1284: Italy - Republic of Genoa defeats the rival Italian city state of Pisa in a naval battle off Meloria
1286: Mongolia, China - Nayan, uncle of Kublai Khan, with 400,000 horsemen, meets Kublai Khan, with 260,000 cavalry and 100,000 Infantry, in battle, Kublai Khan is victorious, and Nayan is captured and executed
1291: Israel - Moslems expel Crusaders from the Middle East
1291: Switzerland - Three Swiss cantons, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden form the League of the Three Forest Cantons for mutual defense, this League constitutes the basis for the ultimate establishment of the Swiss state
1293: Sweden, Finland - Eric IX (Jedvardsson), Christian King of Sweden, defeats the Finns and forces them to convert to Christianity
1294: Mongolia - Kublai Khan dies
1295: Iran, Italy - Khans of Persia convert to Islam, the Polos return to Venice