Historical
1240: Mongolia, Russia - Mongol leader Batu Khan (son of Juchi, oldest son of Genghis Khan) razes Kiev, curtailing growth of Kievan Russia, and permitting Muscovite Russia to emerge as dominant force in Russian life
1240: Russia, Sweden - Alexander Nevsky, a Russian prince, repels the Swedes near St. Petersburg after Pope Gregory IX asked the Swedes to punish the Orthodox Russians for helping the Finns avoid conversion to Latin Catholicism
1241: Mongolia, Hungary - Mongols defeat Bela IV at Muhi, and occupy Hungary for a year
1243: Israel - Christians retake Jerusalem for one year
1244: Egypt, Israel - Muslim mercenaries under the direction of the Egyptian pasha Khwarzmi capture Jerusalem which starts the Sixth Crusade, Egypt controls Jerusalem until 1517 and It remained in Muslim hands until 1918
1248-1254: Egypt - Seventh Crusade (of nine), a failure, and Louis IX of France spent much of the crusade living at the court of the crusader kingdom in Acre, in the midst of this crusade was the first Shepherds Crusade in 1251
1250: Egypt - Battle of Fairskur, Egyptian forces led by the new Caliph, Turanshah, defeat the troops of the Seventh Crusade and capture Louis IX
1255: Mongolia, Iraq - Hulagu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) captures Bagdhad
1256: Mongolia, Iran - Generals of Hulagu Khan, after three year siege, destroy the castles of the Assassins and massacre the Persian Assassins
1256: Mongolia - Kublai Khan attains throne of Mongolian Empire
1258: England - English barons led by Simon de Montfor demand reforms to curtail the arbitrary powers of the king, they became known as the Provisions Of Oxford
1260: Egypt, Israel - Battle Of Ain Jalut, the Muslin Mamelukes (led by the ex-slave Baybars) and Julegu Khan stop the Mongols in Palestine, the Mongol general Ket Buqa is killed
1261: Turkey - Byzantines recapture Constantinople from Crusaders
1262: Norway, Iceland, Greenland - King Haakon IV of Norway annexes Iceland and Greenland to end a civil war in Iceland